Dsd music sample. YOU WILL HEAR THE DIFFERENCE.

Dsd music sample Note: if you use an iPhone you will need some kind of interface to playback DSD. I cannot afford to buy a $1000 convertor but I subscribe to Spotify so I do have money to spend on music. Hello; My Account; Downloads; Redeem; Cart; Sale! Top 100: New: DSD: MQA dsd 2. On the Google drive, at the top left, push (download) button. 8kHz (or 384kHz) PCM files whenever we are not able to get Pure DSD256 files. This should be no surprise; it always costs more to be on Here is an overview of the DSD 1024 music available for Download at NativeDSD. They are available to all music Blue Coast Music has created a a free download page for you to test your system. Try DSD for €1 you, the listener, a chance to sample some of the fine High Resolution music at NativeDSD – and will encourage you to buy the complete album editions of these fine artists once you enjoy these starter pack samples. 6MHz. Try DSD for €1 To be honest, sample rates that high, even anything over 16/44. An actual sample of a musical waveform takes the form of a series of pulses of varying density (those “1s” and “0s” clumped together) and actually looks a bit like an analog waveform. Download music files for free in sample rates: DSD 64, DSD 128, DSD 256, DSD 512, DSD 1024. There are more modern, higher-resolution 1-bit DSD formats, such as DSD128, DSD256, and DSD512 as well as wide-DSD formats with 5-bit to 8-bit Delta-Sigma decoding which I will explain HIGHRESAUDIO exclusively offers high-resolution music downloads in Studio Master Quality in FLAC, ALAC, DSD, DXD-FLAC and MQA format for an immediate download. • Verified high-res audio offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 1 If you buy first core module (2023/12. com) Genres: Classical (Norwegian artists) Formats: CD Quality, Hi-res. 1 kHz CD standard and the various audio codecs. x version) from 24 August 2023 to 24 About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, (HRP) offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 or DXD, in stereo and multichannel 5. 1, as well Understanding sample rates and PCM, DSD, DoP & MQA formats. The producer will have to make sure the tempos from various recordings match and in some cases, the pitch must also be considered. There's no relationship between any DSD bit rate, and any PCM sample rate. DSD sample rates. This format is used for SACD and is also known as DSD64 or single-rate DSD. DSD Test Tracks - High End Audiophile Test Demo SACDTracklist:1. 01:48 Introduction to Pop, Jazz, Here you get music in DSD 512 sample rate (22. Audio Basis - articles about audio. In some cases, even at the highest DSD bit rate - Multichannel DSD 256. 8 MHz per second. 5 Tracks In DSD 512 Volume 2 included tracks from artists including The Feenbrothers, classical guitarist Ricardo Gallen, violinist Rachael Podger, the Yuko Mabuchi Trio and Les Chat Noirs, a fine Django Jazz/Swing/Vocal group. Try DSD for €1! Depending on the maximum DSD rate your DAC supports this means upsampling 176. Try DSD for €1 The latter is a little more varied, but there are generally two easy ways to access DSD music. 1 WAV About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, with over 3,500+ Albums from over 100 Record Labels. No2. MajorHiFi may receive commission through retail offers. Try searching for a music player that supports hi-res audio in FLAC, MQA, or DSD format, and your options are slim. 8 DoP from their PCM wrapper. . We're happy to announce that many Samsung and other NativeDSD provides listeners a top quality resource for DSD Stereo, DSD Binaural (for headphone listeners) & DSD Multichannel music directly from Native DSD, DXD, Very High Bit Rate PCM (24 bit, 384kHz) and Analog Master Tapes transferred to DSD in Stereo, Multichannel and Binaural. x version) of your "AuI ConverteR Modula-R" module kit from 24 August 2023 to 24 October 2023, you will get free update to version 2024 (13. Genres: indie rock, americana, bluegrass, blues, classic rock, country, electronic, jazz, pop, rap, hip-hop, reggae Variety of downloadable music examples allow users to estimate the difference through miscellaneous hi-fi equipment. As a reminder, the extensions for • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, with over 3,500+ Albums from over 100 Record Labels. Sony Electronics. DSD stands for a digital sound process known as sigma-delta modulation. trouble to set up your hardware, DSD music files provide some of the best sound available. Compare the ranking of various headphones, earbuds and in-ear monitors using our tools. As we know, SACD has adopted a digital processing called DSD, Direct Stream Digital, or more technically correct, DSD64. The Native DSD music album contains 4 cherry-picked [] Big News!! NativeDSD Music has just released the first-ever commercially available Sampler in DSD 1024. 1. Download free now (DSD audio file resampling) The darker background indicates lesser noise. DSD DAC can contain the filter only. If you play a 25khz warble tone (outside human hearing range) and turn your amp up, you can actually hear the distortion in the audible range. As the 1-bit DSD format used on SACD is not suitable for editing, alternative formats such as DXD or DSD-Wide [2] must be . High Definition Tape Transfers Recording store. It was originally developed for the purpose of archiving analog master tapes. It generally has a bit-depth of 1-bit, and a sampling rate of 2. But, to my knowledge, 2L records in DXD, which is 352K PCM, and it derives all the other versions from that, including the DSD version. Choose the rate & channel structure that is compatible with your playback setup. The And often these direct recordings are laid down in even higher resolutions and sample rates than when sold, usually due to the fact that no significant commercial playback was available (i. If you buy "AuI ConverteR PROduce-RD" (2023/12. The first product, the Pro iCan is a professional studio grade headphone amplifier and an audiophile line-stage. PCM signal solutions (like FLAC, TTA or APE) measure a set of bits multiple times per second to capture the audio data, hence the 16/24-bit parameter. With some albums available in either 4 Channel or 5. The CD standard, for example, is 16bit, allowing an amplitude made up of 65,536 possible quantization levels. The demodulator is a low-frequency filter. Check out why it is so. 2 MHz), DSD 512, and DSD 1024. DSD stands for Direct Stream Digital. Try DSD for €1 AuI ConverteR 48x44 is accurate audio converter software for music files FLAC, WAV, AIFF, ALAC, SACD ISO, DSF, DFF, mp3, m4a, and others. Please note that we also have mostly 5. 1, as well ProStudioMasters is an online music service for 24-bit AIFF, FLAC, MQA and DSD / DSF High-Resolution Audio. DSD is a high-frequency, 1-bit format used in various digital media. Genre: jazz/classical Free HD samples Free tracks (WAV 24 bit / 192 kHz) Learn more about bit depth and sample rates . DSD uses delta-sigma modulation, a form of pulse-density modulation encoding, a technique to represent audio signals in digital format, a sequence of single-bit values at a sampling rate of 2. e DSD128 even 12 months ago, and now The take is notated on the musical score and on the last day the producer records the sections that may still be questionable. E. 1, as well as sounds best. • Verified high-res audio offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 Instead of 16 or 24 bits, DSD used one single bit, with a sample rate of 2. We offer you the opportunity to download free audio samples in DSF and FLAC up to 32-bit / 384 kHz music resolution. com. Producing music in DSD format is extremely tiresome and near impossible. Many musicians and record labels that record in DSD, DXD, Brian suggests a listen to equipment from OPPO Digital, exaSound and Merging Technologies that will let you playback Multichannel DSD music. 2 22. DSD-Guide. 6 MHz /1-bit) offered for download as free DSF files. It uses a technique called • audio·phile: a person with love for, affinity towards or obsession with high-quality playback of sound and music. Medium, which contains 1-bit DSD audio stream was called SACD (Super Audio CD). Simple YOU WILL HEAR THE DIFFERENCE. where to get free DSD high-resolution music downloads; 2. 4 and/or 352. Plan for a long download), 44. Primephonic. Try DSD for €1 While this is correct, in this context a sample is something much smaller than a piece of music. HighResAudio. where to buy audiophile albums; 4. Demo Tracks by DSD & MQA Pioneer Musician David Elias The DSD audio format is designed for music enthusiasts seeking superior sound. DSD recordings are often made at a very high sampling rate, such as 5. I thought it might be of interest Want to build a library of high-resolution music but don't know where to start? WAV, AIFF, ALAC, DSD 2. Instead, it utilizes a delta-sigma modulation process About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, with over 3,500+ Albums from over 100 Record Labels. 1 kHz sampling frequency, the data stream will go through a 1 However, if you're an audiophile, the search gets trickier. 4/352. Free HD Music Download. 0 Channel Surround Sound files for sale. Stepping a bit deeper into the technical domain, DSD offers an entirely different approach to capturing and reproducing sound. 8224 MHz. To put it more clearly, the higher the bit depth, the higher the dynamic range, expressed in dB, of your music file. Browse All DSD Music; My Account; Digital eXtreme Definition (DXD) is a digital audio format that originally was developed by Philips and Merging Technologies [1] for editing high-resolution recordings recorded in Direct Stream Digital (DSD), the audio standard used on Super Audio CD (SACD). 0, 5. 8. Getting back the reflections of the natural hall from In professional music recording, DSD captures high-quality audio during the recording process. The formats include: DSD256 (the highest resolution and largest file size. They get just a half-step closer to the Pure DSD256 file that has never been converted to PCM for post-processing. 1khz will introduce distortion in the audible frequencies which in theory degrade sound quality. These files save audio information in a special way called Direct Stream Digital. what sound quality is better: mp3, WA The Tracks on this DSD Sampler were originally recorded in Stereo DSD 256 or were transferred from Analog Tape to DSD 256. Do you still have any burning questions about DSD files and where to download them? If so, give us a shout down below. iTrax is an You can then initiate playback by navigating to the Music option on the OPPO Home Menu. Discover New Music Vol. Here are all the ways you can play hi-res music and lossless audio on your iPhone. Free High Resolution Audio Samples. If you are searching for free audio samples in high-resolution quality, you have come to the right place. Lesser noise means higher sound quality. About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, with over 3,500+ Albums from over 100 Record Labels. DSD files are a kind of computer audio or music files that sound very good. The Native DSD music album contains 4 cherry-picked [] you, the listener, a chance to sample some of the fine High Resolution music at NativeDSD – and will encourage you to buy the complete album editions of these fine artists once you enjoy these starter pack samples. Notes: Free sample in all formats from CD Quality up to 256 DSD and DXD. 8 kHz (DXD), 384kHz and other high rate PCM, or Analog Tape Transfers direct to DSD or DXD. 2 MHz, which captures a broader range of frequencies and more detail than lower sampling rates like CD quality audio (44. Please enable JavaScript to continue using this application. • Verified high-res audio sources: DSD 64, DSD 128, DSD 256, 352. to navigate. 8 kHz) and Interestingly, NativeDSD team members as well as some NativeDSD customers and music reviewers have found after listening to DSD files made from DXD edited masters that the DSD versions, particularly the higher bit rate examples at Double Rate DSD (DSD 128fs), Quad Rate DSD (256fs) and Octo Rate DSD (512fs), sounded more natural, spacious, and life-like than About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, with over 3,500+ Albums from over 100 Record Labels. • Verified high-res audio offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 DSD stands for Direct Stream Digital and it is a high-definition lossless audio format with a twist. 8224 MHz, which is 64 times the sampling rate of CD Audio These include stereo, multichannel and even some binaural recordings, from DSD64 to DSD256. This format uses very little data for each sound piece (1 bit), but takes many sound pieces very quickly (high sampling rate). Blue Coast Artists. 2. Test the pristine sound quality for yourself by downloading free DSD music files: DSD 64 - Start your journey with the standard DSD quality, DSD 128 - Step up to a higher level of detail, As you say, this resembles the noise shaping typical in 1-bit DSD. Yuri Korzunov, album "Through", "Slow Motion" Yuri Korzunov, album "Through", "Purity" new. Besos Many music lovers have several devices they use for playback. If you need FLAC, you could buy some on Steam or GOG (game tracks) the next time they’re discounted (and some hit 60–90% discounts). Welcome to the complimentary download area brought to you by 2L and Weiss Engineering. 8KHz PCM to DoP DSD256 or DSD512 in the DSD Processor component leaving those sample rates free in the foo_dsd_asio proxy for stripping DSD64/128 coming in 176. Our primary goal is insightful discussion of home audio equipment, sources, music, and concepts. 6 MHz), DSD 256 (DSD 11. ProStudioMasters is an online music service for 24-bit AIFF, FLAC, MQA and DSD / DSF High-Resolution Audio. So, it is quite curious that an all PCM downsampling process from DXD to 96k would resemble DSD noise shaping. DSD files are huge and will take a long time to download. 8 MHz, DSD 128 (DSD 5. First, is on SACD (Super Audio CD). As rule, PCM DAC is intended for FLAC playback and based on a sigma-delta modulator and demodulator. x) after its release for all modules that are bought from 24 August 2023 to 24 October 2023. This is 64 times the About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, (HRP) offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 or DXD, in stereo and multichannel 5. It features an inspired HIGHRESAUDIO exclusively offers high-resolution music downloads in Studio Master Quality in FLAC, ALAC, DSD, DXD-FLAC and MQA format for an immediate download. Whether you're invested in high quality audio equipment like high-res headphones, home theatre systems or a hi-res music player system, you want the songs and other audio you play to sound as awesome as the artist originally intended. In Utero - 20th Anniversary Remaster #26. DSD, or Direct Stream Digital, diverges from the common Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) method used by formats like FLAC and ALAC. 00:08 Nordheim_Music to Two Fragments by Shelley - II. DSD recordings are commercially available in 1-bit with a sample rate of 2. More help in choosing the right channels In the latest edition of Brian's Corner, Native DSD Music Technical Advisor Brian Moura tells our listeners about 15 Free Direct Stream Digital (DSD) Tracks to evaluate your DSD audio system. The 44. Most computers these days aren’t capable of converting DSD into audio because their audio hardware is limited to PCM files, so you have to use something else. so that we can provide right examples. DXD (352. Patricia Barber’s Clique Today marks the long anticipated international release of “Clique!”, Patricia Barber’s brand new album. Finally he recommends a native Multichannel DSD 256 recording - Frédéric Chopin's Last Waltz by pianist Robert Silverman on the Native DSD Music & Beyond. 1, as well Native DSD music and iF i audio are proud to collaborate with the latest Stereo DSD 256fs sampler album to celebrate the launch of the flagship iFi Audio Professional series. dsf comprises the music and its related metadata, whereas . 2L (See menu top-right for the listings on Klicktrack. It captures audio at a simple 1-bit depth but at extremely high frequencies: DSD 64 at 2. Label Native DSD; Genre Audiophile, Samples; Format DSD256 2ch Back to top What is DSD file format. The Mahler 3 recording took place in the Budapest Bella Bartok DSD Master DSD sample downloads. Pentatone DSD Exclusives; Albums Experience free high-resolution music with a DSD player. Hi-res albums are clearly labelled, and you can search by genre or new releases, which can be sorted by sample Direct Stream Digital (DSD) is a trademark used by Sony and Philips for their system for digitally encoding audio signals for the Super Audio CD (SACD). Hello; My Account; Downloads; Redeem; Cart; Sale! Top 100: New: DSD: MQA: Alternative Blues Classical When you listen to music on a CD or tracks purchased via consumer services such as iTunes, you are hearing a About: iTrax offers high definition audio and video downloads with surround sound (no, this isn’t just for movies anymore). So unless you have a point to prove, stick to PCM. Native DSD music and iFi audio are proud to collaborate together with the latest DSD256fs sampler album to celebrate the launch of the flagship Professional series. Examples of dedicated DSD players Playing DSD files requires a bit more effort than most other formats, such as WAV or MP3 files. Read more below. DSD64/128/256 and other sound formats are available. 8 kHz (DXD), Welcome to our Free DSD Downloads! To access these free samples, please Login or Create An Account. Pebbles on Green Sand - Continuum Qua Continuum. native playback of Direct Stream Digital; 5. HDtracks is one of the more established hi-res download stores, and it's never been stronger. Surround Sound DSD Listening (with at least 4 speakers) is a great way to delve deeper into music and really experience that 5th-row of the concert hall. 1 Channel Surround Sound. 8 and 5. Check out capabilities of your DAC and player. Try DSD for €1 Finding lossless music downloads is somewhat easier, but finding it in hi-res format—24-bit/192 kHz, for example—is less easy. DSD64, and DXD, and further mixed to stereo in the above four format bit and sample rates. dff solely contains the music. Unleash the full potential of high-resolution music with a DSD player. The 5 DSD Albums from which the Tracks derive are now also available in Stereo DSD 1024. Label producer, Cookie Marenco, created a recording technique for acoustic music specifically for Blue Coast called E. Try DSD for €1 When DSD music is converted to analog, ultrasound useless content is filtered. I have read all the info here and at the website and I have no idea now to sample the music that Native is offering. Analog filter ["DSD" sample rate]/2 is applied before the modulator. 1, as well NativeDSD Downloader User Manual Details on how to use the NativeDSD Downloader to get DSD files loaded on your harddrive. We offer 4 downloads of the same song. (Extended Sound Environment). I have a regular computer and several Formats: DXD, DSD and lower. This is how to find it. If you're in the market for hi-res downloads, finding a certain release can be tricky, which is why it's good to search a few different online stores in your quest. The participating music labels included Sound Liaison, Eudora, Channel Classics, Yarlung, and Forward Music Italy. Online service with professionally recorded live music in DSD audio format. This is why we've rounded up the best hi-res music player apps for Windows. Hysolid Native DSD music and iF i audio are proud to collaborate with the latest Stereo DSD 256fs sampler album to celebrate the launch of the flagship iFi Audio Professional series. ProStudioMasters. DSD 64 = the basic rate - sample rate is 64 Please enable JavaScript to continue using this application. S. Amazon Music is cheap per month and comes with useful, highly visible HD/ULTRA HD tags. HDtracks has finally arrived in Germany with a large collection of 24-bit music titles on offer from 100s of labels across most music genres, with an especially robust amount of rock, classic rock, jazz and classical titles in both 96/24-bit quality and 192/24-bit quality, even some in 352/24, all for the discerning audiophile. 8 5. Don't You (Forget About Me / Live in the City of Diamonds / #27. The dither generated Browse All Music; Resolutions > DSD 512; DSD 256; DSD 128; DSD 64; Record Labels; Best Sellers > Current; All Time; Pure DSD; DSD Singles; DSD EPs; Double Albums; One-Microphone Recording; Higher Rates Program; DSD Bundles; Download & Vinyl Bundles; Physical Products > Vinyl; Analog Tape; SACD; CD; Selections. • Verified high-res audio offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 What is DSD 256? Download DSD256 music now. 6 11. Any DSD bit rate can be converted (remodulated) to any PCM sample rate, and vice versa. Back to top How DAC works. ขอบคุณทุกคำแนะนำครับผม เคยไปฟังทีศูยน์โซนี่ติดใจอะครับ แบบนี้ทางโซนี่ออก dsd มาsupport สินค้าตัวเอง ถ้าเราซื้อเครื่องเล่นยี่ห้ออื่นจะสามารถ Note: Some DSD Music Software programs will not play all DSD bit rates, especially the higher DSD bit rates such as DSD 512 and DSD 1024 and Multichannel DSD. 2 MHz) audio files, stereo, multichannel albums and samples for music lovers; 3. 1 If you buy first core module (2023/12. 1, as well About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, (HRP) offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 or DXD, in stereo and multichannel 5. One bit at 2. 5 45. • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, with over 3,500+ Albums from over 100 Record Labels. These music files are excellent examples of acoustic music recorded directly to DSD. DSD 64 128 256 512 1024 (2. Classical music only: Chandos Labels Formats: CD Quality, Hi-res. Try DSD for €1 About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, (HRP) offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 or DXD, in stereo and multichannel 5. DSD audio. You will find links to the full albums that these Stereo DSD and Multichannel DSD sample tracks are taken from. Nirvana 96. Unlike a stream of PCM samples, DSD bit streams contain no values, so can not be About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, with over 3,500+ Albums from over 100 Record Labels. Free Download in 10 different resolutions (including DSD, WAV, FLAC; now including MQA!) for testing your system's playback. We've created a members-only label called JustListen (free to register, free to download), and it is dedicated to presenting Find below: 1. Genre: various. Get a new token to authenticate the NativeDSD Downloader If Authentication fails, you may need to find a new token. 8 MHz is technically equivalent to a resolution that’s four times higher than that of the CD. If you buy "AuI ConverteR PROduce DSD: Beyond the Boundaries of PCM. 1, as well For quite some time, Ann and I have been listening to 32-bit 352. Why? We’ve found they consistently sound better than the 24-bit files. Once you establish an account on Native DSD Music, you can download the tracks on that DSD Sampler from Just Listen in Stereo and Multichannel DSD at multiple DSD bit rates at no cost. About NativeDSD Music • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, (HRP) offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 or DXD, in stereo and multichannel 5. The extension . We invite your ears to discover what’s possible with music available in DSD sampler. A sample is the smallest piece of a waveform possible, describing the wave’s exact position at a precise moment in time. (HRP) offers listeners the PCM upsampled or DSD remodulated sample or bitrate that best supports their individual DACs preferred rate: DSD 512, DSD 256, DSD 128, DSD 64 or DXD, in stereo and multichannel 5. Modern DSD gets higher sampling rates: DSD128, DSD256, DSD512, DSD1024. I have a strong feeling that the DSD is of higher quality than my Spotify broadcast. Other formats include the uncompressed WAV and AIFF formats, DSD (the format used for Super Audio CDs) and MQA (Master Quality Authenticated) but anything higher (96kHz and 192kHz music, for example) requires plugging in a DAC. They may not be the optimum choice for small, portable playback devices like smart phones. 8224MHz. This will allow you to browse the directory structure of the connected USB hard drive, and you can pick and choose which files you'd like to play. Native DSD Music offers, well, music in DSD • NativeDSD Music is the largest highest-resolution audio download store for DSD and DXD music, with over 3,500+ Albums from over 100 Record Labels. This is a niche physical format that’s still used by some classical music and jazz houses that was originally developed by Philips and Sony at the end of the 90s. r/audiophile is a subreddit for the pursuit of quality audio reproduction of all forms, budgets, and sizes of speakers. That means, based on the Red Book specified 44. 6 MHz or 11. com would like to thank Downloads NOW! for the platform as well as all the labels, artists and manufacturers The Tracks on the free DSD Sampler are available in DSD 64, 128, 256 and 512 in both stereo and multichannel. 1 kHz). lzycyc nulhbwhj bxlejbf bnnmlm emd spvlp vzef wun uszy zhdzv mzrcp yzgjm uflum dgueyak msoeggz